Discover the goldmine: HVAC system upgrades for building renovation

Given that school occupancy is directly related to instruction and holiday times, the building's energy consumption should align with its load profile. With an average occupancy of 7 hours/day when school is in session, these buildings could reduce energy consumption and the correlating costs by 30% by limiting consumption between 6pm–8am when the building is not being used at full capacity. By coordinating energy consumption with occupancy levels in terms of timing and specific area accommodation (classrooms, gym, library, etc.), monitored and controlled air quality can help improve student comfort and concentration. Further, more efficient energy consumption can positively impact publicly funded institutions and their tax obligations. 

The proportionate energy consumption of school buildings depends on the building's age, size, geographical location, and type of equipment used. In school buildings, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning systems and domestic hot water (DHW) account for approximately 80% of energy consumption.

In hospitals, energy supply is required 24/7. Moreover, significant flexibility in heating, cooling, and ventilation and dynamic balancing capabilities are needed to supply the appropriate amount of heating or cooling for each building area.

Different types of buildings consume different degrees of energy based on their function. Air conditioning, heating and domestic hot water (DHW) account for approximately 73% of energy consumption in hospitals.

Given that office buildings are occupied only during business hours, their energy consumption should be optimised with respect to operating hours. With an average occupancy of 9.3 hours/day, energy consumption and associated costs in these buildings can be reduced by 30% by limiting consumption between 8pm–6am, when the building is not fully occupied. This means that no heating or cooling power needs to be provided for an empty building, thus reducing both energy costs and emissions. Dynamic balancing ensures comfort even with changing occupancy.

In office buildings, air conditioning, heating, and domestic hot water account for approximately 56% of energy consumption. 

Like offices and schools, hotels are not occupied at full capacity throughout the entire day. However, they are generally at their highest occupancy in the later hours of the day and at night when guests sleep. Providing guests with a comfortable stay is a top priority. In this context, ensuring good air quality, a suitable noise level and hygienic ambient conditions.

In hotels, air conditioning, heating, and warm water account for approximately 58% of energy consumption.

Shopping centres, sports venues, airports, and cultural centres—while their functions are different, they share some things in common: fluctuating occupant traffic, a need to maintain high comfort, and dynamic balancing to ensure high availability of cooling and heating energy. The existing system must be flexible, given that the requirements are subject to constant change to meet the demands of changes in space planning. Moreover, as these buildings often house multiple tenants, providing each space with certified energy billing within the individual cost centres must be considered.

The proportionate energy consumption of mixed-use buildings is very distinct. The energy consumption patterns depend on many factors, such as the building's purpose, age, size, geographical location, and type of equipment used. In mixed-use buildings, HVAC systems account for the largest proportion of energy consumption.